2026's Top 10 Heated Winter Booties with USB-Charging Batteries

Gone are the days of layering three pairs of socks and still losing feeling in your toes by noon. As we barrel toward 2026, USB-charged heated winter booties have evolved from niche gadgets into sophisticated pieces of wearable technology that rival your smartphone in engineering complexity. The convergence of flexible battery tech, intelligent heating elements, and weatherproof materials means today’s options deliver precise, foot-saving warmth that lasts through double shifts and powder days alike.

But here’s the thing: not all heated booties are created equal, and the marketing jargon can be hotter than the insoles themselves. Whether you’re an ice-fishing enthusiast, a construction worker battling January winds, or someone whose circulation checked out years ago, understanding the underlying technology and key differentiators will save you from expensive disappointment. This guide cuts through the fluff to examine what actually matters when investing in rechargeable heated footwear.

Top 10 Heated Winter Booties with USB-Charging Batteries

Heated Boots for Women & Men, Waterproof Winter Heated Shoes with 5000mAh Rechargeable Battery, 3-Level Warming, Electric Foot Warmer for Indoor & Outdoor Use, Heated Slippers for WomanHeated Boots for Women & Men, Waterproof Winter Heated Shoes with 5000mAh Rechargeable Battery, 3-Level Warming, Electric Foot Warmer for Indoor & Outdoor Use, Heated Slippers for WomanCheck Price
CYCYHEAT 4000mAh Battery Pack (DC & USB Port) for Heated Gloves Scarf Socks and Heating Slippers, 5V2A Heated Clothing Replacement Battery PackCYCYHEAT 4000mAh Battery Pack (DC & USB Port) for Heated Gloves Scarf Socks and Heating Slippers, 5V2A Heated Clothing Replacement Battery PackCheck Price
Heated Boots for Women & Men, Waterproof Winter Heated Shoes with 5000mAh Rechargeable Battery, 3-Level Warming, Electric Foot Warmer for Indoor & Outdoor Use, Heated Slippers for WomanHeated Boots for Women & Men, Waterproof Winter Heated Shoes with 5000mAh Rechargeable Battery, 3-Level Warming, Electric Foot Warmer for Indoor & Outdoor Use, Heated Slippers for WomanCheck Price
NOENNULL USB Heated Boots for Men Women, Electric Heating Shoes with 5 Temperature Settings, Rechargeable Winter Warm Booties for Indoor Outdoor Use, Home Office CampingNOENNULL USB Heated Boots for Men Women, Electric Heating Shoes with 5 Temperature Settings, Rechargeable Winter Warm Booties for Indoor Outdoor Use, Home Office CampingCheck Price
Heated Boots for Women & Men, Waterproof Winter Heated Shoes with 5000mAh Rechargeable Battery, 3-Level Warming, Electric Foot Warmer for Indoor & Outdoor Use, Heated Slippers for WomanHeated Boots for Women & Men, Waterproof Winter Heated Shoes with 5000mAh Rechargeable Battery, 3-Level Warming, Electric Foot Warmer for Indoor & Outdoor Use, Heated Slippers for WomanCheck Price
Whsahans 7.4V Battery Pack for Heated Gloves Socks USB Charging Cable Rechargable Lithium Polymer Batteries for Heated Gloves Socks Hats Mittens Heating Pad (2pcs Included) (ST6 2000mAh*2)Whsahans 7.4V Battery Pack for Heated Gloves Socks USB Charging Cable Rechargable Lithium Polymer Batteries for Heated Gloves Socks Hats Mittens Heating Pad (2pcs Included) (ST6 2000mAh*2)Check Price
Whsahans 7.4V Battery Pack for Heated Gloves Socks, USB Charging Cable Rechargable Lithium Polymer Batteries for Heated Gloves Socks Hats Mittens Heating Pad (3000mah, 2)Whsahans 7.4V Battery Pack for Heated Gloves Socks, USB Charging Cable Rechargable Lithium Polymer Batteries for Heated Gloves Socks Hats Mittens Heating Pad (3000mah, 2)Check Price
USB Heated Slippers Booties Electric Heating Boot Slippers Washable Feet Warmer Warm Indoor House Shoes Feet Heater Men WomenUSB Heated Slippers Booties Electric Heating Boot Slippers Washable Feet Warmer Warm Indoor House Shoes Feet Heater Men WomenCheck Price
BARCHI HEAT Heated Boots for Women Men with 3-Levels & 2x2200mAh Battery Packs Electric Rechargeable Snow Boots 3S Fast Heating IP65 Waterproof Heated Booties for Daily Indoor Outdoor UseBARCHI HEAT Heated Boots for Women Men with 3-Levels & 2x2200mAh Battery Packs Electric Rechargeable Snow Boots 3S Fast Heating IP65 Waterproof Heated Booties for Daily Indoor Outdoor UseCheck Price
Nedora Heated Slippers for Women, Snow Resistant Foot Warmer Shoes For Women, Heated Boots, 3 Temperature Settings, Rechargeable 5000mAh Batteries, Heated Booties for Everyday Wear, BrownNedora Heated Slippers for Women, Snow Resistant Foot Warmer Shoes For Women, Heated Boots, 3 Temperature Settings, Rechargeable 5000mAh Batteries, Heated Booties for Everyday Wear, BrownCheck Price

Detailed Product Reviews

1. Heated Boots for Women & Men, Waterproof Winter Heated Shoes with 5000mAh Rechargeable Battery, 3-Level Warming, Electric Foot Warmer for Indoor & Outdoor Use, Heated Slippers for Woman

Heated Boots for Women & Men, Waterproof Winter Heated Shoes with 5000mAh Rechargeable Battery, 3-Level Warming, Electric Foot Warmer for Indoor & Outdoor Use, Heated Slippers for Woman

Overview: The HOTHUGZ Heated Boots deliver premium foot warming technology for both indoor relaxation and outdoor winter adventures. Featuring a built-in 5000mAh rechargeable battery and three temperature settings ranging from 104°F to 140°F, these boots provide up to five hours of continuous heat. The genuine leather and faux fur construction offers durability and comfort, while the water-resistant design ensures protection against wet conditions.

What Makes It Stand Out: These boots heat up in just 10 seconds, providing near-instant relief from cold. The waterproof DC port cover and secure magic sticker battery pocket demonstrate thoughtful engineering for real-world use. Unlike many competitors, they include dual Type-C charging cables and feature a battery level display for convenient monitoring. The lightweight EVA foam soles provide excellent slip resistance without adding bulk.

Value for Money: At $89.99, these boots sit in the mid-to-premium range for heated footwear. The inclusion of a 5000mAh power bank and dual charging cable adds significant value, essentially providing a complete system ready for immediate use. Compared to separate purchases of boots and batteries, this represents solid savings for regular winter users.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include rapid heating, quality materials, waterproofing, versatile indoor/outdoor design, and comprehensive accessories. Weaknesses: five-hour maximum runtime may fall short for all-day outdoor workers, the price point could deter casual users, and sizing may run small for some foot shapes.

Bottom Line: For those serious about combating cold feet during winter activities or daily commutes, these HOTHUGZ boots offer reliable performance and quality construction. They’re a worthwhile investment for frequent users, though occasional users might find the cost harder to justify.


2. CYCYHEAT 4000mAh Battery Pack (DC & USB Port) for Heated Gloves Scarf Socks and Heating Slippers, 5V2A Heated Clothing Replacement Battery Pack

CYCYHEAT 4000mAh Battery Pack (DC & USB Port) for Heated Gloves Scarf Socks and Heating Slippers, 5V2A Heated Clothing Replacement Battery Pack

Overview: The CYCYHEAT 4000mAh Battery Pack serves as a versatile power source for various heated clothing items including gloves, scarves, socks, and slippers. This UL2056-certified power bank delivers stable 5V2A output with up to six hours of heating time on lower settings. Weighing just 80 grams, its compact dimensions make it an ideal travel companion for extending outdoor adventures in cold weather.

What Makes It Stand Out: UL certification sets this apart from many generic alternatives, ensuring comprehensive safety features including overcharge and short-circuit protection. Its flight-approved status makes it uniquely suitable for travelers. The battery’s universal DC and USB port compatibility across multiple heated device brands provides exceptional flexibility. The 4000mAh capacity strikes an optimal balance between runtime and portability.

Value for Money: At $14.98, this battery pack represents exceptional value. It functions both as a replacement for original equipment and as an affordable backup to extend usage time. Compared to proprietary brand batteries often costing $30-40, this universal option delivers significant savings while maintaining certified safety standards.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include UL certification, lightweight portability, universal compatibility, dual functionality as a regular power bank, and budget-friendly pricing. Potential weaknesses: 4000mAh capacity may be lower than some original batteries, connector compatibility isn’t guaranteed with all brands, and it lacks the premium feel of OEM components.

Bottom Line: This CYCYHEAT battery is a smart purchase for anyone using heated clothing regularly. It provides peace of mind through safety certification and extends your warmth without breaking the bank. Keep one as a backup; you’ll appreciate the extra runtime during long cold days.


3. Heated Boots for Women & Men, Waterproof Winter Heated Shoes with 5000mAh Rechargeable Battery, 3-Level Warming, Electric Foot Warmer for Indoor & Outdoor Use, Heated Slippers for Woman

Heated Boots for Women & Men, Waterproof Winter Heated Shoes with 5000mAh Rechargeable Battery, 3-Level Warming, Electric Foot Warmer for Indoor & Outdoor Use, Heated Slippers for Woman

Overview: The HOTHUGZ Heated Boots deliver premium foot warming technology for both indoor relaxation and outdoor winter adventures. Featuring a built-in 5000mAh rechargeable battery and three temperature settings ranging from 104°F to 140°F, these boots provide up to five hours of continuous heat. The genuine leather and faux fur construction offers durability and comfort, while the water-resistant design ensures protection against wet conditions.

What Makes It Stand Out: These boots heat up in just 10 seconds, providing near-instant relief from cold. The waterproof DC port cover and secure magic sticker battery pocket demonstrate thoughtful engineering for real-world use. Unlike many competitors, they include dual Type-C charging cables and feature a battery level display for convenient monitoring. The lightweight EVA foam soles provide excellent slip resistance without adding bulk.

Value for Money: At $89.99, these boots sit in the mid-to-premium range for heated footwear. The inclusion of a 5000mAh power bank and dual charging cable adds significant value, essentially providing a complete system ready for immediate use. Compared to separate purchases of boots and batteries, this represents solid savings for regular winter users.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include rapid heating, quality materials, waterproofing, versatile indoor/outdoor design, and comprehensive accessories. Weaknesses: five-hour maximum runtime may fall short for all-day outdoor workers, the price point could deter casual users, and sizing may run small for some foot shapes.

Bottom Line: For those serious about combating cold feet during winter activities or daily commutes, these HOTHUGZ boots offer reliable performance and quality construction. They’re a worthwhile investment for frequent users, though occasional users might find the cost harder to justify.


4. NOENNULL USB Heated Boots for Men Women, Electric Heating Shoes with 5 Temperature Settings, Rechargeable Winter Warm Booties for Indoor Outdoor Use, Home Office Camping

NOENNULL USB Heated Boots for Men Women, Electric Heating Shoes with 5 Temperature Settings, Rechargeable Winter Warm Booties for Indoor Outdoor Use, Home Office Camping

Overview: The NOENNULL USB Heated Boots offer an affordable entry into electric foot warming with five adjustable temperature settings for customized comfort. Constructed from windproof, waterproof nylon fabric with anti-slip particle soles, these lightweight booties prioritize portability and safety. Designed for indoor, office, camping, and light outdoor use, they provide flexible warming solutions without the premium price tag.

What Makes It Stand Out: Five temperature settings exceed the typical three-level offerings, providing finer control over warmth. The adjustable drawstring ensures a snug fit, while the dedicated battery pocket keeps connections tidy. Their ultra-lightweight design makes them exceptionally packable for camping trips, and the non-slip sole enhances safety across various surfaces.

Value for Money: At $30.99, these boots are significantly more affordable than leather alternatives. However, the battery and power bank are not included, requiring an additional purchase. For users who already own compatible power banks, this represents excellent value. The nylon construction reduces costs while maintaining weather resistance.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include five heat settings, budget price, lightweight portability, waterproof nylon, and anti-slip safety features. Weaknesses: battery not included, nylon may lack the durability and breathability of leather, brand recognition is limited, and long-term reliability is unproven compared to established competitors.

Bottom Line: These NOENNULL boots are ideal for budget-conscious buyers or those wanting to test heated footwear without major investment. They’re perfect for indoor use and occasional camping. If you already have a compatible power bank, they’re a steal. For heavy-duty outdoor use, consider investing in more robust leather options.


5. Heated Boots for Women & Men, Waterproof Winter Heated Shoes with 5000mAh Rechargeable Battery, 3-Level Warming, Electric Foot Warmer for Indoor & Outdoor Use, Heated Slippers for Woman

Heated Boots for Women & Men, Waterproof Winter Heated Shoes with 5000mAh Rechargeable Battery, 3-Level Warming, Electric Foot Warmer for Indoor & Outdoor Use, Heated Slippers for Woman

Overview: The HOTHUGZ Heated Boots deliver premium foot warming technology for both indoor relaxation and outdoor winter adventures. Featuring a built-in 5000mAh rechargeable battery and three temperature settings ranging from 104°F to 140°F, these boots provide up to five hours of continuous heat. The genuine leather and faux fur construction offers durability and comfort, while the water-resistant design ensures protection against wet conditions.

What Makes It Stand Out: These boots heat up in just 10 seconds, providing near-instant relief from cold. The waterproof DC port cover and secure magic sticker battery pocket demonstrate thoughtful engineering for real-world use. Unlike many competitors, they include dual Type-C charging cables and feature a battery level display for convenient monitoring. The lightweight EVA foam soles provide excellent slip resistance without adding bulk.

Value for Money: At $89.99, these boots sit in the mid-to-premium range for heated footwear. The inclusion of a 5000mAh power bank and dual charging cable adds significant value, essentially providing a complete system ready for immediate use. Compared to separate purchases of boots and batteries, this represents solid savings for regular winter users.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include rapid heating, quality materials, waterproofing, versatile indoor/outdoor design, and comprehensive accessories. Weaknesses: five-hour maximum runtime may fall short for all-day outdoor workers, the price point could deter casual users, and sizing may run small for some foot shapes.

Bottom Line: For those serious about combating cold feet during winter activities or daily commutes, these HOTHUGZ boots offer reliable performance and quality construction. They’re a worthwhile investment for frequent users, though occasional users might find the cost harder to justify.


6. Whsahans 7.4V Battery Pack for Heated Gloves Socks USB Charging Cable Rechargable Lithium Polymer Batteries for Heated Gloves Socks Hats Mittens Heating Pad (2pcs Included) (ST6 2000mAh*2)

Whsahans 7.4V Battery Pack for Heated Gloves Socks USB Charging Cable Rechargable Lithium Polymer Batteries for Heated Gloves Socks Hats Mittens Heating Pad (2pcs Included) (ST6 2000mAh*2)

Overview: The Whsahans 7.4V battery pack provides a cost-effective power solution for heated apparel, including gloves, socks, hats, and mittens. This two-pack includes 2000mAh lithium polymer batteries with USB charging capability, offering a universal alternative to brand-specific battery packs. Designed for compatibility with most 7.4V heated clothing systems, these rechargeable units deliver consistent power for several hours of warmth.

What Makes It Stand Out: The standout feature is the USB charging interface, eliminating the need for proprietary chargers. This convenience allows users to recharge via power banks, laptops, or standard USB wall adapters. The two-pack configuration provides immediate backup power, ensuring uninterrupted heating during outdoor activities. At 2000mAh capacity, these batteries strike a balance between runtime and compact size, making them suitable for everyday winter use.

Value for Money: At $28.99 for two batteries, this package significantly undercuts OEM replacements that often cost $25-35 each. The universal USB charging capability saves additional money by removing the need for specialized charging equipment. For occasional users, this represents substantial savings while delivering comparable performance to pricier alternatives.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include affordable pricing, USB charging convenience, and broad compatibility with 7.4V heated gear. The two-pack provides excellent backup capability. However, the 2000mAh capacity offers shorter runtime than premium 3000mAh+ options. The unknown brand longevity raises durability questions, and they may not fit all heated apparel connectors perfectly.

Bottom Line: These batteries are an excellent budget-friendly choice for heated clothing owners seeking affordable backup power. While not the highest capacity available, the USB charging feature and dual-pack value make them a smart purchase for casual winter users.


7. Whsahans 7.4V Battery Pack for Heated Gloves Socks, USB Charging Cable Rechargable Lithium Polymer Batteries for Heated Gloves Socks Hats Mittens Heating Pad (3000mah, 2)

Whsahans 7.4V Battery Pack for Heated Gloves Socks, USB Charging Cable Rechargable Lithium Polymer Batteries for Heated Gloves Socks Hats Mittens Heating Pad (3000mah, 2)

Overview: This upgraded Whsahans battery pack delivers enhanced capacity for extended heating performance. The two-pack includes 3000mAh lithium polymer batteries operating at 7.4V, compatible with heated gloves, socks, hats, and mittens. Featuring USB charging capability, these rechargeable units provide a versatile power solution for heated apparel enthusiasts seeking longer runtime between charges.

What Makes It Stand Out: The 50% capacity increase over standard 2000mAh batteries translates to significantly extended heating times, crucial for all-day outdoor activities. The universal USB charging system remains a key advantage, offering flexibility to recharge anywhere. This combination of high capacity and charging convenience makes these batteries ideal for serious winter sports participants and outdoor workers who depend on consistent warmth.

Value for Money: Priced at $34.99 for two 3000mAh batteries, the cost-per-mAh ratio is excellent compared to OEM alternatives. Premium brand batteries with similar capacity often exceed $40 each, making this package a compelling value proposition. The extended runtime reduces charging frequency, adding practical convenience worth the modest price premium over lower-capacity options.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include superior 3000mAh capacity, USB charging versatility, and strong value compared to brand-name replacements. The batteries support extended outdoor use. However, the generic brand status may concern quality-conscious buyers. Some users report fit issues with certain heated apparel brands, and the larger capacity adds slight weight and bulk compared to slimmer alternatives.

Bottom Line: These high-capacity batteries are perfect for dedicated heated gear users needing maximum runtime. The modest price increase over the 2000mAh version delivers substantial performance gains, making them a worthwhile investment for serious winter adventurers.


8. USB Heated Slippers Booties Electric Heating Boot Slippers Washable Feet Warmer Warm Indoor House Shoes Feet Heater Men Women

USB Heated Slippers Booties Electric Heating Boot Slippers Washable Feet Warmer Warm Indoor House Shoes Feet Heater Men Women

Overview: These USB-powered heated slippers offer an economical solution for keeping feet warm indoors. Available in two colors and multiple sizes, the fleece booties connect via a 150cm USB cable to any USB power source. Designed for stationary use at home or office, they provide gentle warmth without the complexity of battery systems, making them accessible for casual users seeking simple foot comfort.

What Makes It Stand Out: The ultra-low price point and washable design distinguish these slippers. The removable heating element allows for easy cleaning, addressing hygiene concerns common with heated footwear. The universal USB power means no charging downtime—simply plug into a power bank, laptop, or wall adapter for continuous warmth. The soft fleece construction and unisex sizing broaden their appeal.

Value for Money: At $18.98, these are among the most affordable heated slippers available. They eliminate battery replacement costs entirely, relying on existing USB power sources. While not portable, they cost 70-80% less than battery-powered alternatives, making them an excellent entry-level option for users primarily seated at desks or relaxing at home.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include exceptional affordability, washable design, simple operation, and no battery maintenance. The USB connectivity offers unlimited runtime when plugged in. However, the tethered design severely limits mobility—you cannot walk freely while connected. Heating power depends entirely on the USB source quality, and durability concerns arise at this price point. They lack temperature control settings.

Bottom Line: These slippers suit sedentary users seeking budget-friendly foot warmth. While mobility is restricted, the price and simplicity make them ideal for office workers, gamers, or elderly users who remain stationary. Consider battery-powered options if freedom of movement is essential.


9. BARCHI HEAT Heated Boots for Women Men with 3-Levels & 2x2200mAh Battery Packs Electric Rechargeable Snow Boots 3S Fast Heating IP65 Waterproof Heated Booties for Daily Indoor Outdoor Use

BARCHI HEAT Heated Boots for Women Men with 3-Levels & 2x2200mAh Battery Packs Electric Rechargeable Snow Boots 3S Fast Heating IP65 Waterproof Heated Booties for Daily Indoor Outdoor Use

Overview: BARCHI HEAT delivers premium heated boots engineered for serious winter conditions. These rechargeable snow boots feature carbon nanofiber heating technology, dual 2200mAh batteries, and IP65 waterproof construction. With three heat levels reaching up to 150°F, they provide rapid warmth for both indoor relaxation and outdoor activities like dog walking or snow shoveling.

What Makes It Stand Out: The 3-second heating response is remarkably fast, eliminating the typical wait for warmth. The IP65 waterproof rating and non-slip EVA sole enable true outdoor use, unlike most heated slippers confined to indoor spaces. Carbon nanofiber technology ensures even heat distribution from heel to toe, while the polyester fleece lining provides premium comfort and insulation.

Value for Money: At $139.00, these boots represent a significant investment but justify the cost through professional-grade features. Comparable outdoor-ready heated boots from established brands exceed $200, making BARCHI HEAT competitively priced. The dual batteries, waterproofing, and durable construction deliver long-term value for users facing harsh winters.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include rapid heating, true outdoor capability, long battery life (up to 7.5 hours), waterproof design, and robust build quality. The three temperature settings offer excellent customization. However, the price may exceed casual users’ budgets, and the bulkier design sacrifices some indoor comfort. Battery replacement costs could be high long-term.

Bottom Line: These boots are ideal for outdoor enthusiasts and workers needing reliable foot warmth in harsh conditions. While pricey, the performance, durability, and versatility make them worth the investment for serious winter use. Indoor-only users may find them overbuilt.


10. Nedora Heated Slippers for Women, Snow Resistant Foot Warmer Shoes For Women, Heated Boots, 3 Temperature Settings, Rechargeable 5000mAh Batteries, Heated Booties for Everyday Wear, Brown

Nedora Heated Slippers for Women, Snow Resistant Foot Warmer Shoes For Women, Heated Boots, 3 Temperature Settings, Rechargeable 5000mAh Batteries, Heated Booties for Everyday Wear, Brown

Overview: Nedora positions these heated slippers as a versatile middle-ground option, blending indoor comfort with limited outdoor capability. The 5000mAh battery capacity is exceptionally generous, providing extended heating times across three temperature settings up to 140°F. With snow-resistant construction and a stylish brown design, they target users wanting both performance and aesthetics.

What Makes It Stand Out: The massive 5000mAh battery dwarfs most competitors, offering potentially 10+ hours of warmth. The unique dual USB ports allow charging mobile devices while heating—a practical feature for multitaskers. Snow-resistant uppers and waterproof soles provide genuine outdoor versatility beyond typical indoor slippers, making them suitable for quick trips outside.

Value for Money: At $79.99, these slippers occupy a sweet spot between budget USB models and premium outdoor boots. The enormous battery capacity alone justifies the price compared to 2000-3000mAh alternatives. The ability to charge devices adds functional value, while the hybrid indoor/outdoor design eliminates needing separate pairs.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include industry-leading battery capacity, dual USB charging functionality, three heat settings, and snow-resistant construction. The design balances indoor comfort with outdoor practicality. However, the bulky battery may feel heavy, and the women’s-focused marketing might deter male buyers despite unisex potential. Long-term durability of electronic components remains unproven.

Bottom Line: Nedora’s slippers excel for users wanting maximum battery life and versatility without premium boot pricing. They’re perfect for home-to-car transitions, outdoor events, or all-day indoor wear. The device-charging feature and snow resistance make them a compelling value for tech-savvy winter users.


The Technology Behind USB-Charged Heated Booties

How Modern Heating Elements Work

Modern heated booties rely on flexible, low-voltage heating elements woven directly into the insole or upper lining. These elements typically operate at 3.7V to 7.4V, drawing power from lithium-polymer batteries tucked into dedicated compartments. Unlike older resistive wire systems that created hot spots, current-generation designs use conductive materials that distribute heat across the entire footbed, maintaining temperatures between 100°F and 150°F depending on your selected setting.

The magic happens through pulse-width modulation (PWM) controllers that rapidly cycle power on and off, preventing overheating while conserving battery life. This creates a consistent warmth rather than the cycling hot-and-cold sensation of cheaper alternatives. In 2026 models, expect to see more sophisticated zone-specific heating that prioritizes toes over arches, recognizing that your digits are the first to succumb to frostbite.

Battery Systems: From Power Banks to Integrated Cells

The shift toward USB-C charging has standardized power delivery across brands, but the battery architecture varies significantly. Integrated battery systems offer sleeker profiles and better weather sealing, while swappable battery packs provide unlimited runtime for multi-day excursions. Capacity ratings typically range from 2,000mAh to 5,000mAh per boot, though real-world performance depends heavily on ambient temperature and heat setting.

Smart power management circuits now prevent deep discharge, which extends battery lifespan beyond the typical 500 charge cycles. Some 2026 models even support pass-through charging, allowing you to power the heating elements while connected to an external battery pack—a game-changer for basecamp scenarios.

Critical Features to Evaluate in 2026 Models

Temperature Control and Heat Settings

Three heat settings have become the industry baseline, but premium models now offer five or more granular levels controlled via capacitive touch buttons or smartphone apps. Look for booties that maintain consistent temperature rather than simply cycling through power levels—this indicates proper thermistor feedback loops that monitor actual foot temperature rather than just battery output.

The sweet spot for most users is a medium setting around 120°F, which provides 6-8 hours of runtime. High settings above 140°F drain batteries in 3-4 hours but prove invaluable during static activities like ice fishing or hunting. Some advanced systems include motion sensors that automatically reduce heat when you’re active, saving power for when you’re stationary.

Battery Life Indicators and Smart Power Management

LED indicators on the battery pack or boot exterior have evolved from simple four-light systems to digital displays showing exact percentage remaining. More importantly, 2026 models incorporate voltage sag compensation—maintaining consistent heat output even as the battery drains, rather than gradually cooling as power depletes.

Bluetooth-enabled booties can push low-battery alerts to your phone at 20% and 10%, preventing mid-adventure surprises. The best systems also include auto-shutoff timers programmable from 30 minutes to 8 hours, preventing wasted power if you forget to turn them off after returning indoors.

Weatherproofing Standards for Electronic Footwear

IPX4 rating represents the minimum acceptable standard, protecting against splashing from any direction. For serious winter use, prioritize IPX6 or IPX7 ratings that withstand direct water jets or brief submersion. The critical vulnerability point isn’t the outer fabric—it’s the battery compartment seal and button interfaces.

2026 innovations include magnetic charging ports that self-seal when disconnected, eliminating the rubber flap covers that inevitably tear or fail. Look for booties with sealed, recessed buttons that can’t be accidentally activated by snowpack, and battery compartments with dual o-ring seals and mechanical latches rather than simple Velcro closures.

Heating Element Technologies Compared

Carbon Fiber vs. Microwire Systems

Carbon fiber heating elements dominate the market for good reason: they’re lightweight, flexible, and distribute heat evenly across a broad surface area. The material’s natural resistance to oxidation means these systems typically outlast the boot itself. However, they can be slower to reach target temperature, often taking 3-5 minutes to feel noticeably warm.

Microwire systems, using hair-thin alloy wires, heat up nearly instantly—in under 60 seconds—but create more localized hot spots and are prone to metal fatigue over time. They’re also less forgiving if the boot gets wet, as moisture can accelerate corrosion at connection points. For 2026, carbon fiber remains the recommended choice for longevity, while microwire suits users who prioritize rapid heating for short-duration use.

Emerging Graphene Integration

Graphene-enhanced heating elements represent the bleeding edge of 2026 technology. A single atomic layer of graphene provides unparalleled thermal conductivity, allowing for ultra-thin, flexible heating zones that respond to temperature changes in milliseconds. These systems draw less power while achieving the same warmth, effectively extending battery life by 30-40%.

The catch? Graphene integration currently adds $50-75 to the price tag and requires specialized manufacturing. Early adopters report exceptional performance, but long-term durability data remains limited. If you’re buying for a single season, stick with proven carbon fiber. For a multi-year investment, graphene-enhanced models offer compelling efficiency gains.

Heat Distribution Mapping

The placement of heating elements dramatically affects comfort and effectiveness. Basic models feature a single pad under the toes, which leaves your heels cold and creates an uneven experience. Premium 2026 designs use mapped heating zones that prioritize the forefoot and toes (where frostbite strikes first) while providing moderate warmth to the arch and heel.

Look for booties with at least three distinct zones: toe box, forefoot, and heel. Some advanced models include separate controls for each zone, though this adds complexity most users don’t need. The best designs place no heating elements directly under the heel strike point, as the pressure would damage the elements and create discomfort.

Decoding Battery Specifications

Understanding mAh and Voltage Ratings

Battery capacity, measured in milliamp-hours (mAh), tells only part of the story. A 3,000mAh battery at 3.7V provides different runtime than a 3,000mAh battery at 7.4V. To compare apples to apples, calculate watt-hours (Wh): multiply mAh by voltage and divide by 1,000. Most heated booties require 7-15Wh to operate for an hour on medium heat.

Manufacturers often list combined battery capacity (both boots together), so a “4,000mAh” claim might mean 2,000mAh per boot. For all-day warmth, target 3,500-4,000mAh per individual boot, which typically delivers 8-10 hours on low or 4-5 hours on medium. Be skeptical of claims exceeding 12 hours unless the boot uses a massive battery pack that adds significant weight.

Charging Time vs. Runtime Reality

Fast charging has become a key selling point, with some 2026 models promising full charges in 90 minutes. While technically possible, rapid charging generates heat that degrades lithium battery chemistry over time. The healthiest approach is a 3-4 hour charge cycle at 1-2 amps.

Runtime varies dramatically based on external temperature. Batteries lose 20-30% of their capacity at 0°F compared to room temperature. If you’re planning arctic expeditions, choose booties with oversized batteries or swappable packs. For casual urban use, standard capacities suffice. Always check whether runtime claims specify ambient temperature—vague “up to 10 hours” statements usually assume 50°F conditions.

Swappable vs. Built-in Battery Designs

Swappable batteries let you carry extras for unlimited runtime, crucial for backcountry skiers or workers pulling double shifts. The trade-off is bulkier design and potential connection points that can corrode or fail. Built-in batteries create sleeker, more weatherproof booties but limit you to charging downtime.

2026 models increasingly use magnetic battery connectors that align automatically and seal against moisture when removed. If you opt for swappable batteries, verify the availability and cost of spare packs—some manufacturers charge $40-60 per additional battery, quickly negating any upfront savings.

Material Innovations in Heated Footwear

Outer Shell Technologies

The exterior fabric determines both durability and weather resistance. Cordura nylon remains the gold standard for abrasion resistance, with denier ratings from 600D (light duty) to 1200D (heavy duty). For 2026, recycled ocean plastics are gaining traction, offering similar performance with environmental credentials.

Waterproof-breathable membranes like eVent or proprietary laminates should be rated at least 10,000mm hydrostatic head pressure. Critically, examine how the membrane integrates with the battery compartment—any penetration point is a potential leak. Welded seams outperform stitched-and-taped construction by eliminating needle holes entirely.

Insulation Layers: Down, Synthetic, and Hybrid

Primaloft Gold and 3M Thinsulate dominate synthetic insulation, maintaining warmth even when damp and drying quickly. Down insulation offers superior warmth-to-weight ratio but fails catastrophically when wet and dries slowly. For heated booties, synthetic insulation makes more sense—you’re already carrying a power source, so the minimal weight savings of down doesn’t justify the moisture risk.

Hybrid designs place synthetic fill in the lower boot where moisture accumulates and down in the cuff area for maximum loft. The key metric is grams per square meter (gsm): 200gsm provides light insulation for active use, while 400gsm suits stationary activities. Remember, the heating elements supplement insulation—they don’t replace it.

Lining Materials for Comfort and Hygiene

Direct-contact lining materials affect both comfort and odor control. Merino wool blends naturally regulate temperature and resist odor but dry slower than synthetics. Polyester fleece with silver-ion antimicrobial treatment offers similar benefits with faster drying and easier care.

2026 innovations include phase-change materials (PCMs) that absorb excess heat and release it when temperatures drop, smoothing out temperature fluctuations. Look for linings with moisture-wicking channels that direct sweat away from heating elements—corrosion at connection points remains a leading cause of failure.

Safety Protocols and Certifications

Electronic Safety Standards

Legitimate heated booties carry CE marking (Europe) or UL certification (North America), indicating third-party testing for electrical safety. The UL 2089 standard specifically covers portable heated apparel, testing for short-circuit protection, temperature limits, and component durability.

Be wary of generic “tested safe” claims without specific certification numbers. Reputable manufacturers list certification details on their websites and product packaging. For 2026, the new IEC 62368-1 standard is replacing older regulations, focusing on energy sources and safeguards rather than prescriptive component requirements.

Overheat Protection Mechanisms

Quality booties include redundant safety systems: a primary thermistor monitors heating element temperature, while a backup thermal fuse cuts power if temperatures exceed 160°F. Some advanced models incorporate skin temperature sensors that adjust output based on actual foot temperature rather than element temperature.

Test the overheat protection before relying on booties in remote locations. Activate the highest setting and place the booties in an insulated container—quality units should automatically step down or shut off within 10-15 minutes. Never bypass safety features or use damaged batteries, as lithium cells can vent hot gas or flame if short-circuited.

Battery Safety and Travel Compliance

All lithium batteries must comply with UN38.3 shipping standards, which test for altitude simulation, thermal stability, and vibration resistance. For air travel, batteries must be under 100Wh per cell—easily met by heated bootie batteries, which typically range 15-30Wh.

Remove batteries from booties when flying and carry them in your cabin baggage. Never check heated footwear with batteries installed. TSA agents are increasingly familiar with these devices, but carrying the user manual can expedite screening. For international travel, verify voltage compatibility—most USB-charged systems accept 100-240V, but the wall adapter matters.

Fit and Sizing Considerations

Accommodating Electronic Components

Battery compartments add 0.5-1 inch of bulk, typically located above the heel or along the boot shaft. This changes the fit compared to non-heated equivalents. Size up by half a size if you’re between sizes, and verify the battery doesn’t press against your Achilles tendon or ankle bone.

Try booties on with the socks you plan to wear. The heating elements create a slightly thicker insole—usually 2-3mm—that reduces interior volume. Some manufacturers offer “heated specific” lasts that account for this, while others simply retrofit standard designs. The former provides superior comfort and reduces pressure points that can damage heating elements over time.

Sock Considerations and Toe Box Space

Heated booties perform best with medium-thickness, moisture-wicking socks. Heavy wool socks insulate so effectively they can block heat transfer, while ultra-thin liners lead to hot spots. Merino wool blends around 200-300gsm hit the sweet spot.

Ensure at least 0.5 inches of toe box space—your toes shouldn’t touch the front when walking downhill. Compressed toes lose circulation, negating the heating benefits. Some 2026 models include adjustable toe box volume via internal lacing systems, accommodating different sock thicknesses without sizing changes.

Ankle Support vs. Slip-On Designs

Slip-on booties prioritize convenience for camp use and quick errands, while lace-up designs offer better ankle support for active pursuits. The added weight of batteries (typically 4-6 ounces per boot) increases fatigue in unsupported designs during extended wear.

For hiking or snowshoeing, choose booties with at least 6-inch shafts and integrated shanks that stabilize the foot over uneven terrain. Casual users can opt for lower-cut designs that pair with gaiters for weather protection. The battery placement becomes critical here—side-mounted packs on low-cut booties can catch on underbrush or ski edges.

Performance in Extreme Conditions

IP Ratings and Waterproofing

IPX ratings define protection against solids and liquids. For winter booties, the second digit matters most: IPX4 (splash-resistant) suffices for light snow, IPX5 (water jet-resistant) handles heavy wet snow, and IPX7 (submersion-proof) protects against slush puddles and stream crossings.

The rating applies to the entire system, not just the fabric. Test battery compartment seals by flexing the boot repeatedly while dry, listening for cracking sounds that indicate seal degradation. 2026 models increasingly use ultrasonic welding for permanent seals, but user-serviceable battery compartments remain a weak point.

Cold Weather Battery Efficiency

Lithium batteries lose capacity exponentially as temperatures drop. At 32°F, expect 80-85% of rated capacity; at 0°F, capacity drops to 60-70%. Some premium booties incorporate battery insulation pads or chemical hand warmer pockets to maintain cell temperature.

Pre-warming batteries before installation can extend runtime by 20-30%. Store spare batteries in an interior pocket close to your body heat. Avoid charging batteries below freezing—this can cause lithium plating and permanent capacity loss. The best 2026 chargers include temperature sensors that prevent charging until cells warm above 32°F.

Traction and Outsole Technology

Heated booties often use softer rubber compounds that remain pliable in cold but wear faster on pavement. Look for outsoles with multi-directional lugs and a minimum depth of 5mm. Vibram Arctic Grip and similar compounds provide superior ice traction without metal spikes.

Heating elements can affect outsole flexibility, creating stiffness that reduces grip on uneven surfaces. Field-test booties on slopes and side-hills before committing to technical terrain. Some designs route heating elements around flex points, preserving natural boot flex at the cost of slightly less heel warmth.

Smart Features and Connectivity

App Integration and Firmware Updates

Bluetooth-connected booties let you adjust heat levels without bending over, view exact battery percentage, and set heating schedules. The utility depends on execution—clunky apps that drain phone battery quickly negate benefits. Check app store reviews for connectivity stability and battery impact.

Firmware updates can improve performance and fix bugs, but require manufacturers to support products long-term. Look for brands with a track record of 2-3 years of updates. Some 2026 models include offline mode, retaining basic functionality if the app crashes or your phone dies.

Customizable Heat Zones

Premium booties offer independent control of toe, forefoot, and heel zones. While impressive, this feature adds complexity most users don’t need. A more practical approach is “boost mode” that temporarily increases toe heat for 10 minutes before returning to baseline—perfect for thawing frozen digits after a long chairlift ride.

Zone control makes sense for medical users with specific circulation issues or workers who stand on heated surfaces (like tower climbers) and need less sole heat. For general recreation, single-zone systems with good mapping prove more reliable and user-friendly.

Diagnostic Tools and Maintenance Alerts

Advanced systems monitor heating element resistance and battery health, alerting you to degraded performance before failure. This data helps warranty claims and prevents field failures. Some apps log usage patterns, helping you optimize settings for maximum battery life.

These features require transparent data policies—verify what information is collected and how it’s used. The best systems store data locally and only sync when you initiate, preserving privacy while providing diagnostic value.

Care and Maintenance Guidelines

Cleaning Electronic Footwear

Never submerge heated booties or machine wash them. Remove batteries and wipe exteriors with a damp cloth. For salt stains, use a diluted vinegar solution (1:10) applied with a sponge. Interior odors respond to baking soda—sprinkle generously, let sit overnight, then vacuum out.

Heating elements can be damaged by aggressive scrubbing. Clean insoles gently with a soft brush, avoiding direct water contact with element connection points. Some 2026 models feature removable insoles that can be replaced if the heating layer fails, extending overall boot life.

Off-Season Storage Best Practices

Store batteries at 50-60% charge in a cool, dry place. Full charge storage stresses cells, while deep discharge can cause permanent capacity loss. Disconnect batteries from booties to prevent parasitic drain from standby circuits.

Booties themselves should be stored fully dry with newspaper stuffing to maintain shape. Avoid attics or garages where temperature extremes accelerate material degradation. Every 3 months during storage, charge batteries to 50% to maintain cell health—a process called “storage charging” that quality battery management systems automate.

Troubleshooting Common Issues

If one boot stops heating, first test the battery in the working boot to isolate whether the issue is power or element related. Intermittent heating usually indicates a loose connection at the battery port—clean contacts with isopropyl alcohol and check for corrosion.

Uneven heating often results from compressed insulation or damaged elements. Walk barefoot in the booties to identify hot spots or cold zones. Most manufacturers offer element resistance specs—use a multimeter to verify if readings match specifications, providing concrete data for warranty claims.

Price Tiers and Value Propositions

Budget-Friendly Options Under $100

Entry-level heated booties under $100 typically use simpler carbon fiber elements, smaller batteries (2,000-2,500mAh), and basic two-setting controls. Waterproofing often meets only IPX4 standards, and materials prioritize cost over durability. These suit occasional users who need warmth for short durations—think football games or dog walking.

Expect realistic runtimes of 3-4 hours on medium heat and lifespans of 1-2 seasons with regular use. Battery replacement costs can approach the original purchase price, making these less economical long-term. However, they provide an accessible entry point to test whether heated footwear fits your lifestyle.

Mid-Range Excellence: $100-$200

This sweet spot delivers the best value for most users. Booties in this range feature 3,000-4,000mAh batteries, three heat settings, IPX5 waterproofing, and quality materials like 600D nylon with reputable insulation. Expect 6-8 hour runtimes and durable construction lasting 3-4 seasons.

You’ll find improved safety features, better element mapping, and often app connectivity. The difference between $120 and $180 models usually comes down to battery capacity, smart features, and brand reputation. For daily winter commuters and weekend adventurers, this tier provides reliable performance without premium pricing.

Premium Features Above $200

High-end booties justify their price through advanced materials (graphene elements, recycled shells), larger batteries (5,000mAh+), sophisticated app integration, and superior warranties (2-3 years). IPX7 ratings, replaceable insoles, and ergonomic battery placement become standard.

These models target professionals who depend on heated footwear for livelihood—ski patrollers, utility workers, photographers. The 30-40% runtime improvement over mid-range options, combined with durability and support, creates long-term value despite higher upfront cost. If you spend 40+ hours weekly in winter conditions, premium booties pay for themselves in comfort and reliability.

Sustainability and Environmental Considerations

Battery Recycling Programs

Lithium batteries contain valuable but environmentally harmful materials. Responsible manufacturers participate in take-back programs, often offering discounts on replacements. Ask about recycling options before purchase—brands without clear programs likely aren’t considering end-of-life impact.

Some 2026 manufacturers are transitioning to lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries, which contain no cobalt and offer 2,000+ charge cycles versus 500 for standard lithium-ion. The trade-off is slightly lower energy density, requiring larger battery packs for equivalent runtime.

Eco-Conscious Material Sourcing

Recycled ocean plastics, bio-based TPU, and natural rubber outsoles reduce environmental footprint without sacrificing performance. Bluesign certification ensures textiles are produced with minimal water and chemical impact. These materials often cost 10-15% more but align with sustainable values.

Consider repairability—booties with replaceable insoles, batteries, and laces last longer in circulation. Some brands design for disassembly, making component recycling feasible. This circular approach marks true environmental commitment beyond marketing greenwashing.

Carbon Footprint Analysis

Manufacturing a pair of heated booties generates approximately 30-50kg CO2 equivalent, roughly double non-heated equivalents due to battery production and electronic components. However, extending product lifespan through quality construction and repairability can offset this over time.

Using renewable energy to charge batteries further reduces impact. A full charge requires about 0.02 kWh—running on solar or wind power makes heated booties virtually carbon-neutral in operation. Calculate your break-even point versus disposable toe warmers: after roughly 50 uses, heated booties become the lower-carbon choice.

Real-World Applications and Use Cases

Outdoor Professionals and Workers

Construction workers, utility linemen, and delivery drivers face 8-12 hour shifts in subzero conditions. For these users, swappable batteries are non-negotiable, as is IPX6+ waterproofing. Steel toe compatibility requires careful selection—heating elements must be routed around safety caps, and battery placement can’t interfere with metatarsal guards.

Look for booties with ANSI safety ratings that incorporate heating systems. Some 2026 models achieve this integration, but verify compliance with your employer’s safety requirements. The heating system should supplement, not replace, proper insulated work boots.

Winter Sports Enthusiasts

Skiers and snowboarders need booties for lodge time and apres-ski, not on-mountain performance. Packability becomes key—booties should compress into a backpack without damaging heating elements. Weight matters less than warmth and ease of use with cold fingers.

Consider booties with removable liners that can dry separately, preventing moisture buildup from sweaty ski boots. Some designs include a “boot dryer mode” that circulates warm air without high heat, drying liners overnight without damage.

Medical and Therapeutic Benefits

Raynaud’s syndrome, diabetes-related circulation issues, and arthritis sufferers find significant relief from heated booties. Medical-grade models offer precise temperature control (within 2°F) and extended low-temperature settings that maintain 95-100°F for all-day comfort without overheating.

Consult healthcare providers before using heated footwear therapeutically. Some conditions require specific temperature ranges, and neuropathy can prevent accurate heat sensation, increasing burn risk. Premium medical models include temperature logging for physician review and alarms that prevent excessive heat exposure.

Warranty and Support Expectations

Coverage Terms and Conditions

Heated footwear warranties typically cover 1 year for electronics and 2 years for materials/workmanship. Read exclusions carefully—damage from moisture often isn’t covered despite waterproof claims, and battery degradation is usually considered normal wear. The best manufacturers offer prorated battery replacement after the first year.

Keep purchase receipts and register products online to activate extended warranties. Some brands require registration within 30 days for full coverage. Document any issues with photos and correspondence—warranty claims for electronics often require detailed troubleshooting logs.

Return Policies for Electronic Goods

Given the personal nature of fit and heat preference, generous return policies prove crucial. Look for 30-day satisfaction guarantees that allow real-world testing. Some retailers offer extended winter return windows, recognizing that early-season purchases may not see use for months.

Understand restocking fees—electronic items often incur 10-20% fees for opened packages. Purchasing from retailers with free return shipping saves significant money if sizing is uncertain. Always test booties indoors before outdoor use to preserve return eligibility.

Evaluating Manufacturer Reputation

Longevity matters in the heated footwear market—companies that have produced 3+ generations of products have ironed out reliability issues. Check forums and subreddits for real-user experiences, paying attention to comments about warranty claim ease and customer service responsiveness.

Brands that provide detailed technical specifications (element resistance, battery cell manufacturer, IP test reports) demonstrate confidence in their engineering. Avoid companies that hide behind vague marketing language or refuse to disclose component sources. Transparency correlates strongly with product quality and support.

Frequently Asked Questions

How long do heated bootie batteries actually last in real winter conditions?

In temperatures around 20°F, expect 70-80% of advertised runtime. At 0°F, capacity drops to 60-70%. A boot rated for 8 hours at room temperature typically provides 5-6 hours of usable heat in serious cold. Pre-warming batteries and using lower settings extends real-world performance significantly.

Can I wear heated booties in wet snow or slush without damaging them?

Yes, if they carry IPX5 or higher ratings. IPX4 handles light snow but fails in slushy conditions. Always ensure battery compartment seals are clean and properly closed. Submerging any heated bootie voids warranty, but brief exposure to wet snow shouldn’t harm properly rated models.

What’s the difference between carbon fiber and microwire heating elements?

Carbon fiber distributes heat evenly, lasts longer, and resists moisture damage but heats slowly. Microwire heats instantly but creates hot spots and is more prone to fatigue failure. For most users, carbon fiber offers better long-term value, while microwire suits those needing immediate warmth for short periods.

Do heated booties help with medical conditions like Raynaud’s syndrome?

Many users report significant relief, but heated booties are not medical devices. They maintain warmth that improves circulation but don’t treat underlying conditions. Consult your doctor before use, especially if you have neuropathy or diabetes, as reduced sensation increases burn risk.

Is it safe to charge heated booties overnight?

Modern lithium batteries include protection circuits preventing overcharging, making overnight charging generally safe. However, charging on non-flammable surfaces away from bedding is recommended. For maximum battery lifespan, unplug within an hour of full charge rather than leaving them connected for 8+ hours.

How do I know if a heated bootie fits properly with the battery and heating elements?

Size up half a size from your normal shoe size. You should have 0.5 inches of toe space and no pressure points from the battery compartment. Walk on inclines to ensure your heel doesn’t lift, which can damage heating elements. Try them on with your intended socks to verify comfort.

Can I replace the batteries myself when they wear out?

Swappable battery systems allow easy replacement, typically costing $30-60 per battery. Built-in batteries require manufacturer service, often costing $80-120 including labor. Some 2026 models feature user-replaceable integrated batteries accessed via a sealed panel, offering a middle ground.

Will heated booties work at high altitudes or on airplanes?

Yes, lithium batteries function fine at altitude, though reduced oxygen levels slightly improve battery safety. For air travel, remove batteries and carry them in cabin baggage. Most bootie batteries are well under the 100Wh limit, but always declare them at security and carry documentation.

How should I store heated booties during summer months?

Clean thoroughly and ensure they’re completely dry. Store batteries at 50-60% charge in a cool, dry place. Stuff booties with newspaper to maintain shape and store them in a breathable bag (not airtight plastic). Check batteries every 3 months and top up to 50% if they’ve self-discharged.

Are heated booties worth the cost compared to disposable toe warmers?

For occasional use (less than 20 days per winter), disposable warmers may be more economical. For regular winter users, heated booties become cost-effective within 1-2 seasons and offer superior comfort, adjustability, and environmental benefits. The break-even point is typically 40-50 uses.